CH LAB-Report (R4)
1.0.0-ballot - ballot Switzerland flag

This page is part of the CH LAB-Report (R4) (v1.0.0-ballot: STU 1 Ballot 1) based on FHIR (HL7® FHIR® Standard) R4. This is the current published version. For a full list of available versions, see the Directory of published versions

Resource Profile: ChLabObservation_eGFRcr_cys_CKD_EPI_2021 - Detailed Descriptions

Active as of 2024-05-17

Definitions for the ch-lab-observation-egfr-cr-cys-ckd-epi-2021 resource profile.

Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

0. Observation
Impose ProfileThis profile also requires that the instance also conform this additional profile:
2. Observation.code
Definition

GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted Creatinine and Cystatin C-based formula (CKD-EPI 2021) (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]

ShorteGFRcr-cys SerPlBld CKD-EPI 2021
Must Supporttrue
Pattern Value{
  "coding" : [{
    "system" : "http://loinc.org",
    "code" : "98980-6",
    "display" : "Glomerular filtration rate/1.73 sq M.predicted [Volume Rate/Area] in Serum, Plasma or Blood by Creatinine and Cystatin C-based formula (CKD-EPI 2021)"
  }]
}
4. Observation.referenceRange
Control1..3
SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
  • value @ age.low.value
  • 6. Observation.referenceRange:child
    Slice Namechild
    Control0..1
    Must Supporttrue
    8. Observation.referenceRange:child.low
    10. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.value
    Pattern Value90
    12. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.unit
    Pattern ValuemL/min
    14. Observation.referenceRange:child.age
    16. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low
    18. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.value
    Control1..?
    Pattern Value0
    20. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.unit
    Pattern Valuea
    22. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high
    24. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.value
    Pattern Value30
    26. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.unit
    Pattern Valuea
    28. Observation.referenceRange:child.text
    Pattern ValueDie Formel ist nur ab 18 Jahre validiert.
    30. Observation.referenceRange:youth
    Slice Nameyouth
    Control0..1
    Must Supporttrue
    32. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low
    34. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.value
    Pattern Value90
    36. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.unit
    Pattern ValuemL/min
    38. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age
    40. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low
    42. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.value
    Control1..?
    Pattern Value18
    44. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.unit
    Pattern Valuea
    46. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high
    48. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.value
    Pattern Value30
    50. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.unit
    Pattern Valuea
    52. Observation.referenceRange:youth.text
    Pattern ValueDie Formel ist ab 18 bis 93 Jahre validiert.
    54. Observation.referenceRange:adult
    Slice Nameadult
    Control0..1
    Must Supporttrue
    56. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low
    58. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.value
    Pattern Value60
    60. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.unit
    Pattern ValuemL/min
    62. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age
    64. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low
    66. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.value
    Control1..?
    Pattern Value31
    68. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.unit
    Pattern Valuea
    70. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high
    72. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.value
    Pattern Value100
    74. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.unit
    Pattern Valuea
    76. Observation.referenceRange:adult.text
    Pattern ValueDie Formel ist nur bis 93 Jahre validiert.

    Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

    0. Observation
    Definition

    This observation may represent the result of a simple laboratory test such as hematocrit or it may group the set of results produced by a multi-test study or panel such as a complete blood count, a dynamic function test, a urine specimen study. In the latter case, the observation carries the overall conclusion of the study and references the atomic results of the study as "has-member" child observations


    Measurements and simple assertions made about a patient, device or other subject.

    ShortLaboratory result for a simple test or for a panel/studyMeasurements and simple assertions
    Comments

    Represents either a lab simple observation or the group of observations produced by a laboratory study.


    Used for simple observations such as device measurements, laboratory atomic results, vital signs, height, weight, smoking status, comments, etc. Other resources are used to provide context for observations such as laboratory reports, etc.

    Control0..*
    Is Modifierfalse
    Impose ProfileThis profile also requires that the instance also conform this additional profile:
    Summaryfalse
    Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
    Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
    dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
    dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
    dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
    dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
    obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
    obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
    eu-lab-1: If observation status is other then "registered" or "cancelled", at least one of these Observation elements shall be provided: "value", "dataAbsentReason", "hasMember" or "component" ((status in ('registered'|'cancelled')) or value.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
    eu-lab-2: If observation has components and observation status is other then "registered" or "cancelled", at least one of these Observation.component elements shall be provided: "value" or "dataAbsentReason" (component.exists() implies (status in ('registered'|'cancelled')) or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists())
    obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
    obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
    2. Observation.implicitRules
    Definition

    A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

    ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
    Comments

    Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

    Control0..1
    Typeuri
    Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
    Summarytrue
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    4. Observation.extension:supportingInfo
    Slice NamesupportingInfo
    Definition

    Other resources from the patient record that may be relevant to the event. The information from these resources was either used to create the instance or is provided to help with its interpretation. This extension should not be used if more specific inline elements or extensions are available. For example, use Observation.hasMember instead of supportingInformation for representing the members of an Observation panel.

    ShortOther information that may be relevant to this event.
    Control0..*
    TypeExtension(Supporting info) (Extension Type: Reference(Resource))
    Is Modifierfalse
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
    ele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
    6. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5
    Slice NametriggeredBy-r5
    Definition

    Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

    ShortOptional Extensions Element
    Control0..*
    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
    TypeExtension(Extension Definition for Observation.triggeredBy for Version 5.0) (Complex Extension)
    Is Modifierfalse
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
    8. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation
    Slice Nameobservation
    Definition

    An Extension

    ShortTriggering observation.Additional content defined by implementations
    Control0..*
    TypeExtension
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summaryfalse
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
    10. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation.extension
    Definition

    An Extension


    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

    ShortExtensionAdditional content defined by implementations
    Comments

    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

    Control0..0*
    TypeExtension
    Is Modifierfalse
    Summaryfalse
    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
    • value @ url
    • 12. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation.url
      Definition

      Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

      Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
      Comments

      The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

      Control1..1
      Typeuri
      Is Modifierfalse
      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
      Summaryfalse
      Fixed Valueobservation
      14. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation.value[x]
      Definition

      Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

      ShortValue of extension
      Control10..1
      TypeReference(Observation), date, Meta, Address, Attachment, integer, Count, DataRequirement, Dosage, uuid, Identifier, Coding, SampledData, id, positiveInt, Distance, Period, Duration, canonical, Range, RelatedArtifact, base64Binary, UsageContext, Timing, decimal, CodeableConcept, ParameterDefinition, dateTime, code, string, Contributor, oid, instant, ContactPoint, HumanName, Money, markdown, Ratio, Age, TriggerDefinition, Quantity, uri, url, Annotation, ContactDetail, boolean, Expression, Signature, unsignedInt, time
      [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
      Is Modifierfalse
      Summaryfalse
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      16. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type
      Slice Nametype
      Definition

      An Extension

      ShortThe type of triggerAdditional content defined by implementations
      Control0..*
      TypeExtension
      Is Modifierfalse
      Summaryfalse
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      18. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type.extension
      Definition

      An Extension


      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

      ShortExtensionAdditional content defined by implementations
      Comments

      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

      Control0..0*
      TypeExtension
      Is Modifierfalse
      Summaryfalse
      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
      • value @ url
      • 20. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type.url
        Definition

        Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

        Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
        Comments

        The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

        Control1..1
        Typeuri
        Is Modifierfalse
        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
        Summaryfalse
        Fixed Valuetype
        22. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type.value[x]
        Definition

        Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

        ShortValue of extension
        Control10..1
        Typecode, date, Meta, Address, Attachment, integer, Count, DataRequirement, Dosage, uuid, Identifier, Coding, SampledData, id, positiveInt, Distance, Period, Duration, canonical, Range, RelatedArtifact, base64Binary, UsageContext, Timing, decimal, CodeableConcept, ParameterDefinition, dateTime, string, Contributor, oid, instant, ContactPoint, HumanName, Money, markdown, Ratio, Age, Reference, TriggerDefinition, Quantity, uri, url, Annotation, ContactDetail, boolean, Expression, Signature, unsignedInt, time
        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
        Is Modifierfalse
        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
        Summaryfalse
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        24. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason
        Slice Namereason
        Definition

        An Extension

        ShortExtensionAdditional content defined by implementations
        Control0..*
        TypeExtension
        Is Modifierfalse
        Summaryfalse
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
        26. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason.extension
        Definition

        An Extension


        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

        ShortExtensionAdditional content defined by implementations
        Comments

        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

        Control0..0*
        TypeExtension
        Is Modifierfalse
        Summaryfalse
        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
        • value @ url
        • 28. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason.url
          Definition

          Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

          Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
          Comments

          The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

          Control1..1
          Typeuri
          Is Modifierfalse
          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
          Summaryfalse
          Fixed Valuereason
          30. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason.value[x]
          Definition

          Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

          ShortValue of extension
          Control10..1
          Typestring, date, Meta, Address, Attachment, integer, Count, DataRequirement, Dosage, uuid, Identifier, Coding, SampledData, id, positiveInt, Distance, Period, Duration, canonical, Range, RelatedArtifact, base64Binary, UsageContext, Timing, decimal, CodeableConcept, ParameterDefinition, dateTime, code, Contributor, oid, instant, ContactPoint, HumanName, Money, markdown, Ratio, Age, Reference, TriggerDefinition, Quantity, uri, url, Annotation, ContactDetail, boolean, Expression, Signature, unsignedInt, time
          [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
          Is Modifierfalse
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Summaryfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          32. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.url
          Definition

          Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

          Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
          Comments

          The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

          Control1..1
          Typeuri
          Is Modifierfalse
          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
          Summaryfalse
          Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/5.0/StructureDefinition/extension-Observation.triggeredBy
          34. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.value[x]
          Definition

          Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

          ShortValue of extension
          Control0..01
          TypeChoice of: base64Binary, boolean, canonical, code, date, dateTime, decimal, id, instant, integer, markdown, oid, positiveInt, string, time, unsignedInt, uri, url, uuid, Address, Age, Annotation, Attachment, CodeableConcept, Coding, ContactPoint, Count, Distance, Duration, HumanName, Identifier, Money, Period, Quantity, Range, Ratio, Reference, SampledData, Signature, Timing, ContactDetail, Contributor, DataRequirement, Expression, ParameterDefinition, RelatedArtifact, TriggerDefinition, UsageContext, Dosage, Meta
          Is Modifierfalse
          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
          Summaryfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          36. Observation.extension:certifiedRefMaterialCodeable
          Slice NamecertifiedRefMaterialCodeable
          Definition

          This extension links this observation with the certified reference material used for the calibration. The certified reference material is identified by using a CodeableConcept. This extension should be used when the unit is UCUM [IU].

          ShortCertified Reference Material: CodeableConcept
          Control0..*
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(Certified Reference Material: CodeableConcept) (Extension Type: CodeableConcept)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          38. Observation.extension:certifiedRefMaterialIdentifer
          Slice NamecertifiedRefMaterialIdentifer
          Definition

          This extension links this observation with the certified reference material used for the calibration. The certified reference material is identified by using an Identifier. This extension should be used when the unit is UCUM [IU].

          ShortCertified Reference Material: Identifier
          Control0..*
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(Certified Reference Material: Identifier) (Extension Type: Identifier)
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          40. Observation.extension:labTestKit
          Slice NamelabTestKit
          Definition

          This extension links this observation with the laboratory test kit used for this test. Usually only one laboratory test kit is referred

          ShortDevice Laboratory Test Kit
          Control0..*
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(Device Laboratory Test Kit) (Extension Type: Reference(Device))
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          42. Observation.extension:value-r5
          Slice Namevalue-r5
          Definition

          Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

          Shortonly for result of type Attachment
          Control0..1
          This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
          TypeExtension(Extension Definition for Observation.value[x] for Version 5.0) (Extension Type: Choice of: Attachment, Reference(MolecularSequence))
          Is Modifierfalse
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          44. Observation.extension:value-r5.extension
          Definition

          An Extension


          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

          ShortExtensionAdditional content defined by implementations
          Comments

          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

          Control0..0*
          TypeExtension
          Is Modifierfalse
          Summaryfalse
          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
          • value @ url
          • 46. Observation.extension:value-r5.url
            Definition

            Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

            Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
            Comments

            The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

            Control1..1
            Typeuri
            Is Modifierfalse
            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
            Summaryfalse
            Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/5.0/StructureDefinition/extension-Observation.value[x]
            48. Observation.extension:value-r5.value[x]
            Definition

            Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

            ShortValue of extension
            Control10..1
            TypeAttachment, date, Meta, Address, integer, Count, DataRequirement, Dosage, uuid, Identifier, Coding, SampledData, id, positiveInt, Distance, Period, Duration, canonical, Range, RelatedArtifact, base64Binary, UsageContext, Timing, decimal, CodeableConcept, ParameterDefinition, dateTime, code, string, Contributor, oid, instant, ContactPoint, HumanName, Money, markdown, Ratio, Age, Reference, TriggerDefinition, Quantity, uri, url, Annotation, ContactDetail, boolean, Expression, Signature, unsignedInt, time
            [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
            Is Modifierfalse
            Summaryfalse
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            50. Observation.modifierExtension
            Definition

            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

            Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

            ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
            Comments

            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

            Control0..*
            TypeExtension
            Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
            Summaryfalse
            Requirements

            Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
            52. Observation.status
            Definition

            The status of the result value.

            ShortStatus of this observation (e.g. preliminary, final,...)registered | preliminary | final | amended +
            Comments

            This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

            Control1..1
            BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatushttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1
            (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1)

            Codes providing the status of an observation.

            Typecode
            Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
            Summarytrue
            Requirements

            Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            54. Observation.category
            Definition

            A code that classifies the general type of observation being made. In this profile, fixed to "laboratory".


            A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

            ShortClassification of type of observation
            Comments

            "laboratory" includes laboratory medicine and pathology


            In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

            Control10..*
            BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
            (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

            Codes for high level observation categories.

            TypeCodeableConcept
            Is Modifierfalse
            Summaryfalse
            Requirements

            Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
            • pattern @ $this
            • 56. Observation.category:laboratory
              Slice Namelaboratory
              Definition

              A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

              ShortClassification of type of observation
              Comments

              In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

              Control10..1*
              BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
              (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

              Codes for high level observation categories.

              TypeCodeableConcept
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Requirements

              Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

              Pattern Value{
                "coding" : [{
                  "system" : "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category",
                  "code" : "laboratory"
                }]
              }
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              58. Observation.category:studyType
              Slice NamestudyType
              Definition

              A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

              ShortThe way of grouping of the test results into clinically meaningful domains (e.g. hematology study, microbiology study, etc.)Classification of type of observation
              Comments

              In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

              Control0..*
              BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from The codes SHOULD be taken from Laboratory Study Typeshttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
              (required to http://hl7.eu/fhir/laboratory/ValueSet/lab-studyType-eu-lab)
              TypeCodeableConcept
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Requirements

              Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

              Pattern Value{
                "coding" : [{
                  "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                  "code" : "18719-5",
                  "display" : "Chemistry studies (set)"
                }]
              }
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              60. Observation.category:specialty
              Slice Namespecialty
              Definition

              A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

              ShortThe clinical domain of the laboratory performing the observation (e.g. microbiology, toxicology, chemistry)Classification of type of observation
              Comments

              In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

              Control0..*
              BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from The codes SHOULD be taken from Laboratory Specialtyhttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category
              (required to http://hl7.eu/fhir/laboratory/ValueSet/lab-specialty-eu-lab)
              TypeCodeableConcept
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Requirements

              Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

              Pattern Value{
                "coding" : [{
                  "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                  "code" : "394596001",
                  "display" : "Chemical pathology"
                }]
              }
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              62. Observation.code
              Definition

              GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted Creatinine and Cystatin C-based formula (CKD-EPI 2021) (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]


              Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "name".

              ShorteGFRcr-cys SerPlBld CKD-EPI 2021Type of observation (code / type)
              Comments

              In the context of this Observation-laboratory-uv-ips profile, when the observation plays the role of a grouper of member sub-observations, the code represent the group (for instance a panel code). In case no code is available, at least a text shall be provided.


              All code-value and, if present, component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

              Control1..1
              BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from For example codes, see Laboratory Codehttp://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes
              (preferred to http://hl7.eu/fhir/laboratory/ValueSet/lab-obsCode-eu-lab)
              TypeCodeableConcept
              Is Modifierfalse
              Must Supporttrue
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

              Alternate NamesName
              Pattern Value{
                "coding" : [{
                  "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                  "code" : "98980-6",
                  "display" : "Glomerular filtration rate/1.73 sq M.predicted [Volume Rate/Area] in Serum, Plasma or Blood by Creatinine and Cystatin C-based formula (CKD-EPI 2021)"
                }]
              }
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              64. Observation.subject
              Definition

              The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

              ShortWho and/or what the observation is about
              Comments

              One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

              Control10..1
              TypeReference(Patient: Animal, Patient: Person, Group, Device, Location, Patient)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              66. Observation.subject.reference
              Definition

              A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

              ShortLiteral reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
              Comments

              Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

              Control10..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
              Typestring
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              68. Observation.effective[x]
              Definition

              The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. For biological subjects - e.g. human patients - this is usually called the "physiologically relevant time". This is usually either the time of the procedure or of specimen collection, but very often the source of the date/time is not known, only the date/time itself.

              ShortClinically relevant time/time-period for observation
              Comments

              At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

              Control10..1
              TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period, Timing, instant
              [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

              Alternate NamesOccurrence
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              70. Observation.effective[x].extension:data-absent-reason
              Slice Namedata-absent-reason
              Definition

              Provides a reason why the effectiveTime is missing.

              Shorteffective[x] absence reason
              Control0..1
              TypeExtension(Data Absent Reason) (Extension Type: code)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
              72. Observation.performer
              Definition

              Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

              ShortWho is responsible for the observation
              Control10..*
              TypeReference(CH LAB PractitionerRole, CH LAB Practitioner, CH Core Organization, CareTeam, CH LAB Patient, RelatedPerson, Practitioner, PractitionerRole, Organization, Patient)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              74. Observation.performer.extension:performerFunction
              Slice NameperformerFunction
              Definition

              Distinguishes the type of involvement of the performer in the event. For example, 'author', 'verifier' or 'responsible party'.

              ShortType of performance
              Control0..*
              TypeExtension(Performer function) (Extension Type: CodeableConcept)
              Is Modifierfalse
              Summaryfalse
              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
              76. Observation.value[x]
              Definition

              The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

              ShortActual result
              Comments

              An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

              Control0..1
              This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
              TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
              [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
              Is Modifierfalse
              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
              Summarytrue
              Requirements

              An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
              • type @ $this
              • 78. Observation.value[x]:valueString
                Slice NamevalueString
                Definition

                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortActual result
                Comments

                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                Typestring, dateTime, boolean, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                80. Observation.value[x]:valueRange
                Slice NamevalueRange
                Definition

                A set of ordered Quantities defined by a low and high limit.


                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortSet of values bounded by low and highActual result
                Comments

                The stated low and high value are assumed to have arbitrarily high precision when it comes to determining which values are in the range. I.e. 1.99 is not in the range 2 -> 3.


                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1, obs-7
                TypeRange(Range (IPS)), dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                rng-2: If present, low SHALL have a lower value than high (low.empty() or high.empty() or (low <= high))
                82. Observation.value[x]:valueRatio
                Slice NamevalueRatio
                Definition

                A measured ratio (or a ratio that can potentially be measured) and uncertainty of the measurement. This profile imposes that the code system for units be UCUM.


                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortA measured ratio using UCUMActual result
                Comments

                The Ratio datatype should only be used to express a relationship of two numbers if the relationship cannot be suitably expressed using a Quantity and a common unit. Where the denominator value is known to be fixed to "1", Quantity should be used instead of Ratio.


                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1, obs-7
                TypeRatio(Ratio (Eu Lab)), dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Period, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                rat-1: Numerator and denominator SHALL both be present, or both are absent. If both are absent, there SHALL be some extension present ((numerator.empty() xor denominator.exists()) and (numerator.exists() or extension.exists()))
                84. Observation.value[x]:valueTime
                Slice NamevalueTime
                Definition

                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortActual result
                Comments

                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                Typetime, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, Range, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                86. Observation.value[x]:valueDateTime
                Slice NamevalueDateTime
                Definition

                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortActual result
                Comments

                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                TypedateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                88. Observation.value[x]:valuePeriod
                Slice NamevaluePeriod
                Definition

                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortActual result
                Comments

                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                TypePeriod, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                90. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity
                Slice NamevalueQuantity
                Definition

                A measured amount (or an amount that can potentially be measured) and uncertainty of the measurement. Note that measured amounts include amounts that are not precisely quantified, including amounts involving arbitrary units and floating currencies. This profile imposes that the code system for units be UCUM.


                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortA measured amount using UCUMActual result
                Comments

                The context of use may frequently define what kind of quantity this is and therefore what kind of units can be used. The context of use may also restrict the values for the comparator.


                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1, obs-7
                TypeQuantity(Quantity (Eu Lab)), dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range, CodeableConcept
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                qty-3: If a code for the unit is present, the system SHALL also be present (code.empty() or system.exists())
                92. Observation.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept
                Slice NamevalueCodeableConcept
                Definition

                The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                ShortActual result
                Comments

                An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                Control0..1
                This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from For codes, see Results Coded Values Laboratory - IPS
                (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/ips/ValueSet/results-coded-values-laboratory-uv-ips)
                Additional BindingsPurposeDocumentation
                Results Blood Group - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                Additional conformance binding to a blood group findings value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                Results Presence Absence - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                Additional conformance binding to a presence and absence findings (qualifier values) value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                Results Microorganism - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                Additional conformance binding to a microorganisms value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                TypeCodeableConcept, dateTime, boolean, string, SampledData, Quantity, Period, Ratio, integer, time, Range
                [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                Is Modifierfalse
                Summarytrue
                Requirements

                An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                94. Observation.referenceRange
                Definition

                Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                Comments

                Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                Control10..3*
                TypeBackboneElement
                Is Modifierfalse
                Summaryfalse
                Requirements

                Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                • value @ age.low.value
                • 96. Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension
                  Definition

                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                  Comments

                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  98. Observation.referenceRange:child
                  Slice Namechild
                  Definition

                  Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                  ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                  Comments

                  Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                  Control0..1*
                  TypeBackboneElement
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summaryfalse
                  Requirements

                  Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                  obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                  100. Observation.referenceRange:child.modifierExtension
                  Definition

                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                  Comments

                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  102. Observation.referenceRange:child.text
                  Definition

                  Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                  ShortText based reference range in an observation
                  Control0..1
                  Typestring
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summaryfalse
                  Pattern ValueDie Formel ist nur ab 18 Jahre validiert.
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  104. Observation.referenceRange:youth
                  Slice Nameyouth
                  Definition

                  Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                  ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                  Comments

                  Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                  Control0..1*
                  TypeBackboneElement
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summaryfalse
                  Requirements

                  Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                  obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                  106. Observation.referenceRange:youth.modifierExtension
                  Definition

                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                  Comments

                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  108. Observation.referenceRange:youth.text
                  Definition

                  Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                  ShortText based reference range in an observation
                  Control0..1
                  Typestring
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summaryfalse
                  Pattern ValueDie Formel ist ab 18 bis 93 Jahre validiert.
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  110. Observation.referenceRange:adult
                  Slice Nameadult
                  Definition

                  Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                  ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                  Comments

                  Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                  Control0..1*
                  TypeBackboneElement
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Must Supporttrue
                  Summaryfalse
                  Requirements

                  Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                  obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                  112. Observation.referenceRange:adult.modifierExtension
                  Definition

                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                  Comments

                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                  Summarytrue
                  Requirements

                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  114. Observation.referenceRange:adult.text
                  Definition

                  Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                  ShortText based reference range in an observation
                  Control0..1
                  Typestring
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summaryfalse
                  Pattern ValueDie Formel ist nur bis 93 Jahre validiert.
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  116. Observation.hasMember
                  Definition

                  A reference to another Observation profiled by ch-lab-observation-results-laboratory. The target observation (for instance an individual test member of a panel) is considered as a sub-observation of the current one, which plays the role of a grouper.


                  This observation is a group observation (e.g. a battery, a panel of tests, a set of vital sign measurements) that includes the target as a member of the group.

                  ShortRelated resource that belongs to the Observation group
                  Comments

                  This element is used in the context of international patient summary when there is a need to group a collection of observations, because they belong to the same panel, or because they share a common interpretation comment, or a common media attachment (illustrative image or graph). In these cases, the current observation is the grouper, and its set of sub-observations are related observations using the type "has-member". For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Observation Grouping.


                  When using this element, an observation will typically have either a value or a set of related resources, although both may be present in some cases. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below. Note that a system may calculate results from QuestionnaireResponse into a final score and represent the score as an Observation.

                  Control0..0*
                  TypeReference(CH LAB Observation Results: Laboratory Report, Observation, QuestionnaireResponse, MolecularSequence)
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))

                  Guidance on how to interpret the contents of this table can be found here

                  0. Observation
                  Definition

                  This observation may represent the result of a simple laboratory test such as hematocrit or it may group the set of results produced by a multi-test study or panel such as a complete blood count, a dynamic function test, a urine specimen study. In the latter case, the observation carries the overall conclusion of the study and references the atomic results of the study as "has-member" child observations

                  ShortLaboratory result for a simple test or for a panel/study
                  Comments

                  Represents either a lab simple observation or the group of observations produced by a laboratory study.

                  Control0..*
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Impose ProfileThis profile also requires that the instance also conform this additional profile:
                  Summaryfalse
                  Alternate NamesVital Signs, Measurement, Results, Tests
                  Invariantsdom-2: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT contain nested Resources (contained.contained.empty())
                  dom-3: If the resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL be referred to from elsewhere in the resource or SHALL refer to the containing resource (contained.where((('#'+id in (%resource.descendants().reference | %resource.descendants().as(canonical) | %resource.descendants().as(uri) | %resource.descendants().as(url))) or descendants().where(reference = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists() or descendants().where(as(canonical) = '#').exists()).not()).trace('unmatched', id).empty())
                  dom-4: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a meta.versionId or a meta.lastUpdated (contained.meta.versionId.empty() and contained.meta.lastUpdated.empty())
                  dom-5: If a resource is contained in another resource, it SHALL NOT have a security label (contained.meta.security.empty())
                  dom-6: A resource should have narrative for robust management (text.`div`.exists())
                  obs-6: dataAbsentReason SHALL only be present if Observation.value[x] is not present (dataAbsentReason.empty() or value.empty())
                  obs-7: If Observation.code is the same as an Observation.component.code then the value element associated with the code SHALL NOT be present (value.empty() or component.code.where(coding.intersect(%resource.code.coding).exists()).empty())
                  eu-lab-1: If observation status is other then "registered" or "cancelled", at least one of these Observation elements shall be provided: "value", "dataAbsentReason", "hasMember" or "component" ((status in ('registered'|'cancelled')) or value.exists() or hasMember.exists() or component.exists() or dataAbsentReason.exists())
                  eu-lab-2: If observation has components and observation status is other then "registered" or "cancelled", at least one of these Observation.component elements shall be provided: "value" or "dataAbsentReason" (component.exists() implies (status in ('registered'|'cancelled')) or component.value.exists() or component.dataAbsentReason.exists())
                  2. Observation.id
                  Definition

                  The logical id of the resource, as used in the URL for the resource. Once assigned, this value never changes.

                  ShortLogical id of this artifact
                  Comments

                  The only time that a resource does not have an id is when it is being submitted to the server using a create operation.

                  Control0..1
                  Typeid
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  4. Observation.meta
                  Definition

                  The metadata about the resource. This is content that is maintained by the infrastructure. Changes to the content might not always be associated with version changes to the resource.

                  ShortMetadata about the resource
                  Control0..1
                  TypeMeta
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summarytrue
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  6. Observation.implicitRules
                  Definition

                  A reference to a set of rules that were followed when the resource was constructed, and which must be understood when processing the content. Often, this is a reference to an implementation guide that defines the special rules along with other profiles etc.

                  ShortA set of rules under which this content was created
                  Comments

                  Asserting this rule set restricts the content to be only understood by a limited set of trading partners. This inherently limits the usefulness of the data in the long term. However, the existing health eco-system is highly fractured, and not yet ready to define, collect, and exchange data in a generally computable sense. Wherever possible, implementers and/or specification writers should avoid using this element. Often, when used, the URL is a reference to an implementation guide that defines these special rules as part of it's narrative along with other profiles, value sets, etc.

                  Control0..1
                  Typeuri
                  Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because the implicit rules may provide additional knowledge about the resource that modifies it's meaning or interpretation
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summarytrue
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  8. Observation.language
                  Definition

                  The base language in which the resource is written.

                  ShortLanguage of the resource content
                  Comments

                  Language is provided to support indexing and accessibility (typically, services such as text to speech use the language tag). The html language tag in the narrative applies to the narrative. The language tag on the resource may be used to specify the language of other presentations generated from the data in the resource. Not all the content has to be in the base language. The Resource.language should not be assumed to apply to the narrative automatically. If a language is specified, it should it also be specified on the div element in the html (see rules in HTML5 for information about the relationship between xml:lang and the html lang attribute).

                  Control0..1
                  BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from CommonLanguages
                  (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/languages)

                  A human language.

                  Additional BindingsPurpose
                  AllLanguagesMax Binding
                  Typecode
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                  Summaryfalse
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  10. Observation.text
                  Definition

                  A human-readable narrative that contains a summary of the resource and can be used to represent the content of the resource to a human. The narrative need not encode all the structured data, but is required to contain sufficient detail to make it "clinically safe" for a human to just read the narrative. Resource definitions may define what content should be represented in the narrative to ensure clinical safety.

                  ShortText summary of the resource, for human interpretation
                  Comments

                  Contained resources do not have narrative. Resources that are not contained SHOULD have a narrative. In some cases, a resource may only have text with little or no additional discrete data (as long as all minOccurs=1 elements are satisfied). This may be necessary for data from legacy systems where information is captured as a "text blob" or where text is additionally entered raw or narrated and encoded information is added later.

                  Control0..1
                  TypeNarrative
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Alternate Namesnarrative, html, xhtml, display
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  12. Observation.contained
                  Definition

                  These resources do not have an independent existence apart from the resource that contains them - they cannot be identified independently, and nor can they have their own independent transaction scope.

                  ShortContained, inline Resources
                  Comments

                  This should never be done when the content can be identified properly, as once identification is lost, it is extremely difficult (and context dependent) to restore it again. Contained resources may have profiles and tags In their meta elements, but SHALL NOT have security labels.

                  Control0..*
                  TypeResource
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Alternate Namesinline resources, anonymous resources, contained resources
                  14. Observation.extension
                  Definition

                  The laboratory test kit used for this test.

                  ShortLaboratory Test Kit
                  Control0..*
                  TypeExtension
                  Is Modifierfalse
                  Summaryfalse
                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                  • value @ url
                  • 16. Observation.extension:supportingInfo
                    Slice NamesupportingInfo
                    Definition

                    Other resources from the patient record that may be relevant to the event. The information from these resources was either used to create the instance or is provided to help with its interpretation. This extension should not be used if more specific inline elements or extensions are available. For example, use Observation.hasMember instead of supportingInformation for representing the members of an Observation panel.

                    ShortOther information that may be relevant to this event.
                    Control0..*
                    TypeExtension(Supporting info) (Extension Type: Reference(Resource))
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    18. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5
                    Slice NametriggeredBy-r5
                    Definition

                    Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

                    ShortOptional Extensions Element
                    Control0..*
                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                    TypeExtension(Extension Definition for Observation.triggeredBy for Version 5.0) (Complex Extension)
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    20. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.id
                    Definition

                    Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                    ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                    Control0..1
                    Typestring
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                    Summaryfalse
                    22. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension
                    Definition

                    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                    ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                    Comments

                    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                    Control0..*
                    TypeExtension
                    Is Modifierfalse
                    Summaryfalse
                    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                    • value @ url
                    • 24. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation
                      Slice Nameobservation
                      Definition

                      An Extension

                      ShortTriggering observation.
                      Control0..*
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      26. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation.id
                      Definition

                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                      Control0..1
                      Typestring
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                      Summaryfalse
                      28. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation.extension
                      Definition

                      An Extension

                      ShortExtension
                      Control0..0
                      TypeExtension
                      Is Modifierfalse
                      Summaryfalse
                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                      • value @ url
                      • 30. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation.url
                        Definition

                        Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

                        Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
                        Comments

                        The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

                        Control1..1
                        Typeuri
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                        Summaryfalse
                        Fixed Valueobservation
                        32. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:observation.value[x]
                        Definition

                        Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

                        ShortValue of extension
                        Control1..1
                        TypeReference(Observation)
                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        34. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type
                        Slice Nametype
                        Definition

                        An Extension

                        ShortThe type of trigger
                        Control0..*
                        TypeExtension
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                        36. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type.id
                        Definition

                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                        Control0..1
                        Typestring
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                        Summaryfalse
                        38. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type.extension
                        Definition

                        An Extension

                        ShortExtension
                        Control0..0
                        TypeExtension
                        Is Modifierfalse
                        Summaryfalse
                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                        • value @ url
                        • 40. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type.url
                          Definition

                          Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

                          Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
                          Comments

                          The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

                          Control1..1
                          Typeuri
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                          Summaryfalse
                          Fixed Valuetype
                          42. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:type.value[x]
                          Definition

                          Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

                          ShortValue of extension
                          Control1..1
                          Typecode
                          [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                          Summaryfalse
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          44. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason
                          Slice Namereason
                          Definition

                          An Extension

                          ShortExtension
                          Control0..*
                          TypeExtension
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summaryfalse
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                          46. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason.id
                          Definition

                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                          Control0..1
                          Typestring
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                          Summaryfalse
                          48. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason.extension
                          Definition

                          An Extension

                          ShortExtension
                          Control0..0
                          TypeExtension
                          Is Modifierfalse
                          Summaryfalse
                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                          • value @ url
                          • 50. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason.url
                            Definition

                            Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

                            Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
                            Comments

                            The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

                            Control1..1
                            Typeuri
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                            Summaryfalse
                            Fixed Valuereason
                            52. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.extension:reason.value[x]
                            Definition

                            Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

                            ShortValue of extension
                            Control1..1
                            Typestring
                            [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Summaryfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            54. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.url
                            Definition

                            Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

                            Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
                            Comments

                            The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

                            Control1..1
                            Typeuri
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                            Summaryfalse
                            Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/5.0/StructureDefinition/extension-Observation.triggeredBy
                            56. Observation.extension:triggeredBy-r5.value[x]
                            Definition

                            Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

                            ShortValue of extension
                            Control0..0
                            TypeChoice of: base64Binary, boolean, canonical, code, date, dateTime, decimal, id, instant, integer, markdown, oid, positiveInt, string, time, unsignedInt, uri, url, uuid, Address, Age, Annotation, Attachment, CodeableConcept, Coding, ContactPoint, Count, Distance, Duration, HumanName, Identifier, Money, Period, Quantity, Range, Ratio, Reference, SampledData, Signature, Timing, ContactDetail, Contributor, DataRequirement, Expression, ParameterDefinition, RelatedArtifact, TriggerDefinition, UsageContext, Dosage, Meta
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                            Summaryfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            58. Observation.extension:certifiedRefMaterialCodeable
                            Slice NamecertifiedRefMaterialCodeable
                            Definition

                            This extension links this observation with the certified reference material used for the calibration. The certified reference material is identified by using a CodeableConcept. This extension should be used when the unit is UCUM [IU].

                            ShortCertified Reference Material: CodeableConcept
                            Control0..*
                            This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                            TypeExtension(Certified Reference Material: CodeableConcept) (Extension Type: CodeableConcept)
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                            60. Observation.extension:certifiedRefMaterialIdentifer
                            Slice NamecertifiedRefMaterialIdentifer
                            Definition

                            This extension links this observation with the certified reference material used for the calibration. The certified reference material is identified by using an Identifier. This extension should be used when the unit is UCUM [IU].

                            ShortCertified Reference Material: Identifier
                            Control0..*
                            This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                            TypeExtension(Certified Reference Material: Identifier) (Extension Type: Identifier)
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                            62. Observation.extension:labTestKit
                            Slice NamelabTestKit
                            Definition

                            This extension links this observation with the laboratory test kit used for this test. Usually only one laboratory test kit is referred

                            ShortDevice Laboratory Test Kit
                            Control0..*
                            This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                            TypeExtension(Device Laboratory Test Kit) (Extension Type: Reference(Device))
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                            64. Observation.extension:value-r5
                            Slice Namevalue-r5
                            Definition

                            Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

                            Shortonly for result of type Attachment
                            Control0..1
                            This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                            TypeExtension(Extension Definition for Observation.value[x] for Version 5.0) (Extension Type: Choice of: Attachment, Reference(MolecularSequence))
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                            66. Observation.extension:value-r5.id
                            Definition

                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                            Control0..1
                            Typestring
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                            Summaryfalse
                            68. Observation.extension:value-r5.extension
                            Definition

                            An Extension

                            ShortExtension
                            Control0..0
                            TypeExtension
                            Is Modifierfalse
                            Summaryfalse
                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                            • value @ url
                            • 70. Observation.extension:value-r5.url
                              Definition

                              Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

                              Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
                              Comments

                              The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

                              Control1..1
                              Typeuri
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                              Summaryfalse
                              Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/5.0/StructureDefinition/extension-Observation.value[x]
                              72. Observation.extension:value-r5.value[x]
                              Definition

                              Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

                              ShortValue of extension
                              Control1..1
                              TypeAttachment
                              [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summaryfalse
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              74. Observation.modifierExtension
                              Definition

                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the resource and that modifies the understanding of the element that contains it and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer is allowed to define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                              Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                              ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored
                              Comments

                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                              Control0..*
                              TypeExtension
                              Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the resource that contains them
                              Summaryfalse
                              Requirements

                              Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                              76. Observation.identifier
                              Definition

                              A unique identifier assigned to this observation.

                              ShortBusiness Identifier for observation
                              NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                              Control0..*
                              TypeIdentifier
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Allows observations to be distinguished and referenced.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              78. Observation.basedOn
                              Definition

                              A plan, proposal or order that is fulfilled in whole or in part by this event. For example, a MedicationRequest may require a patient to have laboratory test performed before it is dispensed.

                              ShortFulfills plan, proposal or order
                              Control0..*
                              TypeReference(CarePlan, DeviceRequest, ImmunizationRecommendation, MedicationRequest, NutritionOrder, ServiceRequest)
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Allows tracing of authorization for the event and tracking whether proposals/recommendations were acted upon.

                              Alternate NamesFulfills
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              80. Observation.partOf
                              Definition

                              A larger event of which this particular Observation is a component or step. For example, an observation as part of a procedure.

                              ShortPart of referenced event
                              Comments

                              To link an Observation to an Encounter use encounter. See the Notes below for guidance on referencing another Observation.

                              Control0..*
                              TypeReference(MedicationAdministration, MedicationDispense, MedicationStatement, Procedure, Immunization, ImagingStudy)
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summarytrue
                              Alternate NamesContainer
                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              82. Observation.status
                              Definition

                              The status of the result value.

                              ShortStatus of this observation (e.g. preliminary, final,...)
                              Comments

                              This element is labeled as a modifier because the status contains codes that mark the resource as not currently valid.

                              Control1..1
                              BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from ObservationStatus
                              (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-status|4.0.1)

                              Codes providing the status of an observation.

                              Typecode
                              Is Modifiertrue because This element is labeled as a modifier because it is a status element that contains status entered-in-error which means that the resource should not be treated as valid
                              Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                              Summarytrue
                              Requirements

                              Need to track the status of individual results. Some results are finalized before the whole report is finalized.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              84. Observation.category
                              Definition

                              A code that classifies the general type of observation being made. In this profile, fixed to "laboratory".

                              ShortClassification of type of observation
                              Comments

                              "laboratory" includes laboratory medicine and pathology

                              Control1..*
                              BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
                              (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

                              Codes for high level observation categories.

                              TypeCodeableConcept
                              Is Modifierfalse
                              Summaryfalse
                              Requirements

                              Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.category. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                              • pattern @ $this
                              • 86. Observation.category:laboratory
                                Slice Namelaboratory
                                Definition

                                A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                                ShortClassification of type of observation
                                Comments

                                In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

                                Control1..1
                                BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationCategoryCodes
                                (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-category)

                                Codes for high level observation categories.

                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summaryfalse
                                Requirements

                                Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                                Pattern Value{
                                  "coding" : [{
                                    "system" : "http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/observation-category",
                                    "code" : "laboratory"
                                  }]
                                }
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                88. Observation.category:studyType
                                Slice NamestudyType
                                Definition

                                A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                                ShortThe way of grouping of the test results into clinically meaningful domains (e.g. hematology study, microbiology study, etc.)
                                Comments

                                In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

                                Control0..*
                                BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from Laboratory Study Types
                                (required to http://hl7.eu/fhir/laboratory/ValueSet/lab-studyType-eu-lab)
                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summaryfalse
                                Requirements

                                Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                                Pattern Value{
                                  "coding" : [{
                                    "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                                    "code" : "18719-5",
                                    "display" : "Chemistry studies (set)"
                                  }]
                                }
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                90. Observation.category:specialty
                                Slice Namespecialty
                                Definition

                                A code that classifies the general type of observation being made.

                                ShortThe clinical domain of the laboratory performing the observation (e.g. microbiology, toxicology, chemistry)
                                Comments

                                In addition to the required category valueset, this element allows various categorization schemes based on the owner’s definition of the category and effectively multiple categories can be used at once. The level of granularity is defined by the category concepts in the value set.

                                Control0..*
                                BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from Laboratory Specialty
                                (required to http://hl7.eu/fhir/laboratory/ValueSet/lab-specialty-eu-lab)
                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summaryfalse
                                Requirements

                                Used for filtering what observations are retrieved and displayed.

                                Pattern Value{
                                  "coding" : [{
                                    "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                                    "code" : "394596001",
                                    "display" : "Chemical pathology"
                                  }]
                                }
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                92. Observation.code
                                Definition

                                GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted Creatinine and Cystatin C-based formula (CKD-EPI 2021) (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]

                                ShorteGFRcr-cys SerPlBld CKD-EPI 2021
                                Comments

                                In the context of this Observation-laboratory-uv-ips profile, when the observation plays the role of a grouper of member sub-observations, the code represent the group (for instance a panel code). In case no code is available, at least a text shall be provided.

                                Control1..1
                                BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from Laboratory Code
                                (preferred to http://hl7.eu/fhir/laboratory/ValueSet/lab-obsCode-eu-lab)
                                TypeCodeableConcept
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Must Supporttrue
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                                Alternate NamesName
                                Pattern Value{
                                  "coding" : [{
                                    "system" : "http://loinc.org",
                                    "code" : "98980-6",
                                    "display" : "Glomerular filtration rate/1.73 sq M.predicted [Volume Rate/Area] in Serum, Plasma or Blood by Creatinine and Cystatin C-based formula (CKD-EPI 2021)"
                                  }]
                                }
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                94. Observation.subject
                                Definition

                                The patient, or group of patients, location, or device this observation is about and into whose record the observation is placed. If the actual focus of the observation is different from the subject (or a sample of, part, or region of the subject), the focus element or the code itself specifies the actual focus of the observation.

                                ShortWho and/or what the observation is about
                                Comments

                                One would expect this element to be a cardinality of 1..1. The only circumstance in which the subject can be missing is when the observation is made by a device that does not know the patient. In this case, the observation SHALL be matched to a patient through some context/channel matching technique, and at this point, the observation should be updated.

                                Control1..1
                                TypeReference(Patient: Animal, Patient: Person, Group, Device, Location)
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summarytrue
                                Requirements

                                Observations have no value if you don't know who or what they're about.

                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                96. Observation.subject.id
                                Definition

                                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                Control0..1
                                Typestring
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                Summaryfalse
                                98. Observation.subject.extension
                                Definition

                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                Comments

                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                Control0..*
                                TypeExtension
                                Is Modifierfalse
                                Summaryfalse
                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.subject.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                • value @ url
                                • 100. Observation.subject.reference
                                  Definition

                                  A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

                                  ShortLiteral reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
                                  Comments

                                  Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

                                  Control1..1
                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
                                  Typestring
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  102. Observation.subject.type
                                  Definition

                                  The expected type of the target of the reference. If both Reference.type and Reference.reference are populated and Reference.reference is a FHIR URL, both SHALL be consistent.

                                  The type is the Canonical URL of Resource Definition that is the type this reference refers to. References are URLs that are relative to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/ e.g. "Patient" is a reference to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient. Absolute URLs are only allowed for logical models (and can only be used in references in logical models, not resources).

                                  ShortType the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")
                                  Comments

                                  This element is used to indicate the type of the target of the reference. This may be used which ever of the other elements are populated (or not). In some cases, the type of the target may be determined by inspection of the reference (e.g. a RESTful URL) or by resolving the target of the reference; if both the type and a reference is provided, the reference SHALL resolve to a resource of the same type as that specified.

                                  Control0..1
                                  BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ResourceType
                                  (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/resource-types)

                                  Aa resource (or, for logical models, the URI of the logical model).

                                  Typeuri
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  104. Observation.subject.identifier
                                  Definition

                                  An identifier for the target resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity it represents is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

                                  ShortLogical reference, when literal reference is not known
                                  Comments

                                  When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

                                  When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

                                  Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

                                  Reference is intended to point to a structure that can potentially be expressed as a FHIR resource, though there is no need for it to exist as an actual FHIR resource instance - except in as much as an application wishes to actual find the target of the reference. The content referred to be the identifier must meet the logical constraints implied by any limitations on what resource types are permitted for the reference. For example, it would not be legitimate to send the identifier for a drug prescription if the type were Reference(Observation|DiagnosticReport). One of the use-cases for Reference.identifier is the situation where no FHIR representation exists (where the type is Reference (Any).

                                  NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                                  Control0..1
                                  TypeIdentifier
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  106. Observation.subject.display
                                  Definition

                                  Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

                                  ShortText alternative for the resource
                                  Comments

                                  This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

                                  Control0..1
                                  Typestring
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  108. Observation.focus
                                  Definition

                                  The actual focus of an observation when it is not the patient of record representing something or someone associated with the patient such as a spouse, parent, fetus, or donor. For example, fetus observations in a mother's record. The focus of an observation could also be an existing condition, an intervention, the subject's diet, another observation of the subject, or a body structure such as tumor or implanted device. An example use case would be using the Observation resource to capture whether the mother is trained to change her child's tracheostomy tube. In this example, the child is the patient of record and the mother is the focus.

                                  ShortWhat the observation is about, when it is not about the subject of record
                                  Comments

                                  Typically, an observation is made about the subject - a patient, or group of patients, location, or device - and the distinction between the subject and what is directly measured for an observation is specified in the observation code itself ( e.g., "Blood Glucose") and does not need to be represented separately using this element. Use specimen if a reference to a specimen is required. If a code is required instead of a resource use either bodysite for bodysites or the standard extension focusCode.

                                  Control0..*
                                  TypeReference(Resource)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  110. Observation.encounter
                                  Definition

                                  The healthcare event (e.g. a patient and healthcare provider interaction) during which this observation is made.

                                  ShortHealthcare event during which this observation is made
                                  Comments

                                  This will typically be the encounter the event occurred within, but some events may be initiated prior to or after the official completion of an encounter but still be tied to the context of the encounter (e.g. pre-admission laboratory tests).

                                  Control0..1
                                  TypeReference(Encounter)
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  For some observations it may be important to know the link between an observation and a particular encounter.

                                  Alternate NamesContext
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  112. Observation.effective[x]
                                  Definition

                                  The time or time-period the observed value is asserted as being true. For biological subjects - e.g. human patients - this is usually called the "physiologically relevant time". This is usually either the time of the procedure or of specimen collection, but very often the source of the date/time is not known, only the date/time itself.

                                  ShortClinically relevant time/time-period for observation
                                  Comments

                                  At least a date should be present unless this observation is a historical report. For recording imprecise or "fuzzy" times (For example, a blood glucose measurement taken "after breakfast") use the Timing datatype which allow the measurement to be tied to regular life events.

                                  Control1..1
                                  TypeChoice of: dateTime, Period
                                  [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                  Summarytrue
                                  Requirements

                                  Knowing when an observation was deemed true is important to its relevance as well as determining trends.

                                  Alternate NamesOccurrence
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  114. Observation.effective[x].id
                                  Definition

                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                  Control0..1
                                  Typestring
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                  Summaryfalse
                                  116. Observation.effective[x].extension
                                  Definition

                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                  Comments

                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                  Control0..*
                                  TypeExtension
                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                  Summaryfalse
                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.effective[x].extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                  • value @ url
                                  • 118. Observation.effective[x].extension:data-absent-reason
                                    Slice Namedata-absent-reason
                                    Definition

                                    Provides a reason why the effectiveTime is missing.

                                    Shorteffective[x] absence reason
                                    Control0..1
                                    TypeExtension(Data Absent Reason) (Extension Type: code)
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Summaryfalse
                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                    120. Observation.issued
                                    Definition

                                    The date and time this version of the observation was made available to providers, typically after the results have been reviewed and verified.

                                    ShortDate/Time this result was made available
                                    Comments

                                    For Observations that don’t require review and verification, it may be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself. For Observations that do require review and verification for certain updates, it might not be the same as the lastUpdated time of the resource itself due to a non-clinically significant update that doesn’t require the new version to be reviewed and verified again.

                                    Control0..1
                                    Typeinstant
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                    Summarytrue
                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    122. Observation.performer
                                    Definition

                                    Who was responsible for asserting the observed value as "true".

                                    ShortWho is responsible for the observation
                                    Control1..*
                                    TypeReference(CH LAB PractitionerRole, CH LAB Practitioner, CH Core Organization, CareTeam, CH LAB Patient, RelatedPerson)
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Summarytrue
                                    Requirements

                                    May give a degree of confidence in the observation and also indicates where follow-up questions should be directed.

                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    124. Observation.performer.id
                                    Definition

                                    Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                    ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                    Control0..1
                                    Typestring
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                    Summaryfalse
                                    126. Observation.performer.extension
                                    Definition

                                    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                    ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                    Comments

                                    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                    Control0..*
                                    TypeExtension
                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                    Summaryfalse
                                    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.performer.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                    • value @ url
                                    • 128. Observation.performer.extension:performerFunction
                                      Slice NameperformerFunction
                                      Definition

                                      Distinguishes the type of involvement of the performer in the event. For example, 'author', 'verifier' or 'responsible party'.

                                      ShortType of performance
                                      Control0..*
                                      TypeExtension(Performer function) (Extension Type: CodeableConcept)
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Summaryfalse
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                      130. Observation.performer.reference
                                      Definition

                                      A reference to a location at which the other resource is found. The reference may be a relative reference, in which case it is relative to the service base URL, or an absolute URL that resolves to the location where the resource is found. The reference may be version specific or not. If the reference is not to a FHIR RESTful server, then it should be assumed to be version specific. Internal fragment references (start with '#') refer to contained resources.

                                      ShortLiteral reference, Relative, internal or absolute URL
                                      Comments

                                      Using absolute URLs provides a stable scalable approach suitable for a cloud/web context, while using relative/logical references provides a flexible approach suitable for use when trading across closed eco-system boundaries. Absolute URLs do not need to point to a FHIR RESTful server, though this is the preferred approach. If the URL conforms to the structure "/[type]/[id]" then it should be assumed that the reference is to a FHIR RESTful server.

                                      Control0..1
                                      This element is affected by the following invariants: ref-1
                                      Typestring
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                      Summarytrue
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      132. Observation.performer.type
                                      Definition

                                      The expected type of the target of the reference. If both Reference.type and Reference.reference are populated and Reference.reference is a FHIR URL, both SHALL be consistent.

                                      The type is the Canonical URL of Resource Definition that is the type this reference refers to. References are URLs that are relative to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/ e.g. "Patient" is a reference to http://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Patient. Absolute URLs are only allowed for logical models (and can only be used in references in logical models, not resources).

                                      ShortType the reference refers to (e.g. "Patient")
                                      Comments

                                      This element is used to indicate the type of the target of the reference. This may be used which ever of the other elements are populated (or not). In some cases, the type of the target may be determined by inspection of the reference (e.g. a RESTful URL) or by resolving the target of the reference; if both the type and a reference is provided, the reference SHALL resolve to a resource of the same type as that specified.

                                      Control0..1
                                      BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ResourceType
                                      (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/resource-types)

                                      Aa resource (or, for logical models, the URI of the logical model).

                                      Typeuri
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                      Summarytrue
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      134. Observation.performer.identifier
                                      Definition

                                      An identifier for the target resource. This is used when there is no way to reference the other resource directly, either because the entity it represents is not available through a FHIR server, or because there is no way for the author of the resource to convert a known identifier to an actual location. There is no requirement that a Reference.identifier point to something that is actually exposed as a FHIR instance, but it SHALL point to a business concept that would be expected to be exposed as a FHIR instance, and that instance would need to be of a FHIR resource type allowed by the reference.

                                      ShortLogical reference, when literal reference is not known
                                      Comments

                                      When an identifier is provided in place of a reference, any system processing the reference will only be able to resolve the identifier to a reference if it understands the business context in which the identifier is used. Sometimes this is global (e.g. a national identifier) but often it is not. For this reason, none of the useful mechanisms described for working with references (e.g. chaining, includes) are possible, nor should servers be expected to be able resolve the reference. Servers may accept an identifier based reference untouched, resolve it, and/or reject it - see CapabilityStatement.rest.resource.referencePolicy.

                                      When both an identifier and a literal reference are provided, the literal reference is preferred. Applications processing the resource are allowed - but not required - to check that the identifier matches the literal reference

                                      Applications converting a logical reference to a literal reference may choose to leave the logical reference present, or remove it.

                                      Reference is intended to point to a structure that can potentially be expressed as a FHIR resource, though there is no need for it to exist as an actual FHIR resource instance - except in as much as an application wishes to actual find the target of the reference. The content referred to be the identifier must meet the logical constraints implied by any limitations on what resource types are permitted for the reference. For example, it would not be legitimate to send the identifier for a drug prescription if the type were Reference(Observation|DiagnosticReport). One of the use-cases for Reference.identifier is the situation where no FHIR representation exists (where the type is Reference (Any).

                                      NoteThis is a business identifier, not a resource identifier (see discussion)
                                      Control0..1
                                      TypeIdentifier
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Summarytrue
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      136. Observation.performer.display
                                      Definition

                                      Plain text narrative that identifies the resource in addition to the resource reference.

                                      ShortText alternative for the resource
                                      Comments

                                      This is generally not the same as the Resource.text of the referenced resource. The purpose is to identify what's being referenced, not to fully describe it.

                                      Control0..1
                                      Typestring
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                      Summarytrue
                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      138. Observation.value[x]
                                      Definition

                                      The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                      ShortActual result
                                      Comments

                                      An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                      Control0..1
                                      This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                                      TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
                                      [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                      Summarytrue
                                      Requirements

                                      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                      • type @ $this
                                      • 140. Observation.value[x]:valueString
                                        Slice NamevalueString
                                        Definition

                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                        ShortActual result
                                        Comments

                                        An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                                        Typestring
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        142. Observation.value[x]:valueRange
                                        Slice NamevalueRange
                                        Definition

                                        A set of ordered Quantities defined by a low and high limit.

                                        ShortSet of values bounded by low and high
                                        Comments

                                        The stated low and high value are assumed to have arbitrarily high precision when it comes to determining which values are in the range. I.e. 1.99 is not in the range 2 -> 3.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                                        TypeRange(Range (IPS))
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        rng-2: If present, low SHALL have a lower value than high (low.empty() or high.empty() or (low <= high))
                                        144. Observation.value[x]:valueRatio
                                        Slice NamevalueRatio
                                        Definition

                                        A measured ratio (or a ratio that can potentially be measured) and uncertainty of the measurement. This profile imposes that the code system for units be UCUM.

                                        ShortA measured ratio using UCUM
                                        Comments

                                        The Ratio datatype should only be used to express a relationship of two numbers if the relationship cannot be suitably expressed using a Quantity and a common unit. Where the denominator value is known to be fixed to "1", Quantity should be used instead of Ratio.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                                        TypeRatio(Ratio (Eu Lab))
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        rat-1: Numerator and denominator SHALL both be present, or both are absent. If both are absent, there SHALL be some extension present ((numerator.empty() xor denominator.exists()) and (numerator.exists() or extension.exists()))
                                        146. Observation.value[x]:valueTime
                                        Slice NamevalueTime
                                        Definition

                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                        ShortActual result
                                        Comments

                                        An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                                        Typetime
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        148. Observation.value[x]:valueDateTime
                                        Slice NamevalueDateTime
                                        Definition

                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                        ShortActual result
                                        Comments

                                        An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                                        TypedateTime
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        150. Observation.value[x]:valuePeriod
                                        Slice NamevaluePeriod
                                        Definition

                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                        ShortActual result
                                        Comments

                                        An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                                        TypePeriod
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        152. Observation.value[x]:valueQuantity
                                        Slice NamevalueQuantity
                                        Definition

                                        A measured amount (or an amount that can potentially be measured) and uncertainty of the measurement. Note that measured amounts include amounts that are not precisely quantified, including amounts involving arbitrary units and floating currencies. This profile imposes that the code system for units be UCUM.

                                        ShortA measured amount using UCUM
                                        Comments

                                        The context of use may frequently define what kind of quantity this is and therefore what kind of units can be used. The context of use may also restrict the values for the comparator.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                                        TypeQuantity(Quantity (Eu Lab))
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        qty-3: If a code for the unit is present, the system SHALL also be present (code.empty() or system.exists())
                                        154. Observation.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept
                                        Slice NamevalueCodeableConcept
                                        Definition

                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                        ShortActual result
                                        Comments

                                        An observation may have; 1) a single value here, 2) both a value and a set of related or component values, or 3) only a set of related or component values. If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-7
                                        BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from Results Coded Values Laboratory - IPS
                                        (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/ips/ValueSet/results-coded-values-laboratory-uv-ips)
                                        Additional BindingsPurposeDocumentation
                                        Results Blood Group - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                                        Additional conformance binding to a blood group findings value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                                        Results Presence Absence - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                                        Additional conformance binding to a presence and absence findings (qualifier values) value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                                        Results Microorganism - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                                        Additional conformance binding to a microorganisms value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summarytrue
                                        Requirements

                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        156. Observation.dataAbsentReason
                                        Definition

                                        Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.value[x] is missing.

                                        ShortProvides a reason why the expected value is missing.
                                        Comments

                                        Null or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "specimen unsatisfactory".

                                        The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Note that an observation may only be reported if there are values to report. For example differential cell counts values may be reported only when > 0. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for null or exceptional values.

                                        Control0..1
                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                                        Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        158. Observation.interpretation
                                        Definition

                                        A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                                        ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                                        Comments

                                        Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                                        Control0..*
                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

                                        Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                                        Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        160. Observation.note
                                        Definition

                                        Comments about the observation or the results.

                                        ShortComments about the observation
                                        Comments

                                        May include general statements about the observation, or statements about significant, unexpected or unreliable results values, or information about its source when relevant to its interpretation.

                                        Control0..*
                                        TypeAnnotation
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        Need to be able to provide free text additional information.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        162. Observation.bodySite
                                        Definition

                                        Indicates the site on the subject's body where the observation was made (i.e. the target site).

                                        ShortObserved body part
                                        Comments

                                        Only used if not implicit in code found in Observation.code. In many systems, this may be represented as a related observation instead of an inline component.

                                        If the use case requires BodySite to be handled as a separate resource (e.g. to identify and track separately) then use the standard extension bodySite.

                                        Control0..1
                                        BindingFor example codes, see SNOMEDCTBodyStructures
                                        (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/body-site)

                                        Codes describing anatomical locations. May include laterality.

                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        164. Observation.method
                                        Definition

                                        Laboratory technigue that has been used

                                        ShortHow it was done
                                        Comments

                                        Laboratory technique (method of measurement) are integral parts of the test specification of some laboratory test coding systems (e.g. NPU), in LOINC hovewer measurement principle is not always present in the test definition. In some cases however knowledge of the used measurment techique is important for proper interpretation of the test result. That's why it is important to explicitly include informaiton about measurement method is such cases.

                                        Control0..1
                                        BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from Laboratory Techniques
                                        (preferred to http://hl7.eu/fhir/laboratory/ValueSet/lab-technique-eu-lab)
                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        In some cases, method can impact results and is thus used for determining whether results can be compared or determining significance of results.

                                        Pattern Value{
                                          "coding" : [{
                                            "system" : "http://snomed.info/sct",
                                            "code" : "703505007",
                                            "display" : "Clearance calculation relative to 1.73 square meters body surface area (qualifier value)"
                                          }]
                                        }
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        166. Observation.specimen
                                        Definition

                                        The specimen that was used when this observation was made.

                                        ShortSpecimen used for this observation
                                        Comments

                                        When the specimen is applicable and known it shall be documented

                                        Control0..1
                                        TypeReference(CH LAB Specimen)
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        168. Observation.device
                                        Definition

                                        The device used to generate the observation data.

                                        ShortMeasuring instrument
                                        Comments

                                        Note that this is not meant to represent a device involved in the transmission of the result, e.g., a gateway. Such devices may be documented using the Provenance resource where relevant.

                                        Control0..1
                                        TypeReference(Device, DeviceMetric)
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        170. Observation.referenceRange
                                        Definition

                                        Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                                        ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                                        Comments

                                        Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                        Control1..3
                                        TypeBackboneElement
                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                        Summaryfalse
                                        Requirements

                                        Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                        obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                        • value @ age.low.value
                                        • 172. Observation.referenceRange.id
                                          Definition

                                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                          Control0..1
                                          Typestring
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          174. Observation.referenceRange.extension
                                          Definition

                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                          Comments

                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                          Control0..*
                                          TypeExtension
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                          176. Observation.referenceRange.modifierExtension
                                          Definition

                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                          Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                          ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                          Comments

                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                          Control0..*
                                          TypeExtension
                                          Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                          Summarytrue
                                          Requirements

                                          Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                          178. Observation.referenceRange.low
                                          Definition

                                          The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

                                          ShortLow Range, if relevant
                                          Control0..1
                                          This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                          TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          180. Observation.referenceRange.high
                                          Definition

                                          The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

                                          ShortHigh Range, if relevant
                                          Control0..1
                                          This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                          TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          182. Observation.referenceRange.type
                                          Definition

                                          Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

                                          ShortReference range qualifier
                                          Comments

                                          This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

                                          Control0..1
                                          BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes
                                          (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning)

                                          Code for the meaning of a reference range.

                                          TypeCodeableConcept
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Requirements

                                          Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          184. Observation.referenceRange.appliesTo
                                          Definition

                                          Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

                                          ShortReference range population
                                          Comments

                                          This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

                                          Control0..*
                                          BindingFor example codes, see ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes
                                          (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto)

                                          Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

                                          TypeCodeableConcept
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Requirements

                                          Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          186. Observation.referenceRange.age
                                          Definition

                                          The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

                                          ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
                                          Control0..1
                                          TypeRange
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Requirements

                                          Some analytes vary greatly over age.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          188. Observation.referenceRange.text
                                          Definition

                                          Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                                          ShortText based reference range in an observation
                                          Control0..1
                                          Typestring
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          190. Observation.referenceRange:child
                                          Slice Namechild
                                          Definition

                                          Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                                          ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                                          Comments

                                          Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                          Control0..1
                                          TypeBackboneElement
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Must Supporttrue
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Requirements

                                          Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                                          192. Observation.referenceRange:child.id
                                          Definition

                                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                          Control0..1
                                          Typestring
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          194. Observation.referenceRange:child.extension
                                          Definition

                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                          Comments

                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                          Control0..*
                                          TypeExtension
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                          196. Observation.referenceRange:child.modifierExtension
                                          Definition

                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                          Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                          ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                          Comments

                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                          Control0..*
                                          TypeExtension
                                          Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                          Summarytrue
                                          Requirements

                                          Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                          198. Observation.referenceRange:child.low
                                          Definition

                                          The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

                                          ShortLow Range, if relevant
                                          Control0..1
                                          This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                          TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          200. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.id
                                          Definition

                                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                          Control0..1
                                          Typestring
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          202. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.extension
                                          Definition

                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                          Comments

                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                          Control0..*
                                          TypeExtension
                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                          Summaryfalse
                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.low.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                          • value @ url
                                          • 204. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.value
                                            Definition

                                            The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                            ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                            Comments

                                            The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                            Control0..1
                                            Typedecimal
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                            Pattern Value90
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            206. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.comparator
                                            Definition

                                            Not allowed to be used in this context

                                            Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                            Control0..0
                                            BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                            (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                            How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                            Typecode
                                            Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                            Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            208. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.unit
                                            Definition

                                            A human-readable form of the unit.

                                            ShortUnit representation
                                            Control0..1
                                            Typestring
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                            Pattern ValuemL/min
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            210. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.system
                                            Definition

                                            The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                            ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                            Control0..1
                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                            Typeuri
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            212. Observation.referenceRange:child.low.code
                                            Definition

                                            A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                            ShortCoded form of the unit
                                            Comments

                                            The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                            Control0..1
                                            Typecode
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                            Summarytrue
                                            Requirements

                                            Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            214. Observation.referenceRange:child.high
                                            Definition

                                            The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

                                            ShortHigh Range, if relevant
                                            Control0..1
                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                            TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            216. Observation.referenceRange:child.type
                                            Definition

                                            Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

                                            ShortReference range qualifier
                                            Comments

                                            This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

                                            Control0..1
                                            BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes
                                            (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning)

                                            Code for the meaning of a reference range.

                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            218. Observation.referenceRange:child.appliesTo
                                            Definition

                                            Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

                                            ShortReference range population
                                            Comments

                                            This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

                                            Control0..*
                                            BindingFor example codes, see ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes
                                            (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto)

                                            Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            220. Observation.referenceRange:child.age
                                            Definition

                                            The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

                                            ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
                                            Control0..1
                                            TypeRange
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Requirements

                                            Some analytes vary greatly over age.

                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            222. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.id
                                            Definition

                                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                            Control0..1
                                            Typestring
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            224. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.extension
                                            Definition

                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                            ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                            Comments

                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                            Control0..*
                                            TypeExtension
                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                            Summaryfalse
                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                            • value @ url
                                            • 226. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low
                                              Definition

                                              The low limit. The boundary is inclusive.

                                              ShortLow limit
                                              Comments

                                              If the low element is missing, the low boundary is not known.

                                              Control0..1
                                              TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Summarytrue
                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              228. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.id
                                              Definition

                                              Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                              ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                              Control0..1
                                              Typestring
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                              Summaryfalse
                                              230. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.extension
                                              Definition

                                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                              ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                              Comments

                                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                              Control0..*
                                              TypeExtension
                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                              Summaryfalse
                                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.low.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                              • value @ url
                                              • 232. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.value
                                                Definition

                                                The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                Comments

                                                The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                Control1..1
                                                Typedecimal
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                Pattern Value0
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                234. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.comparator
                                                Definition

                                                Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                Control0..0
                                                BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                Typecode
                                                Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                236. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.unit
                                                Definition

                                                A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                ShortUnit representation
                                                Control0..1
                                                Typestring
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                Pattern Valuea
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                238. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.system
                                                Definition

                                                The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                Control0..1
                                                This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                Typeuri
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                240. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.low.code
                                                Definition

                                                A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                Comments

                                                The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                Control0..1
                                                Typecode
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Requirements

                                                Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                242. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high
                                                Definition

                                                The high limit. The boundary is inclusive.

                                                ShortHigh limit
                                                Comments

                                                If the high element is missing, the high boundary is not known.

                                                Control0..1
                                                TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Summarytrue
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                244. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.id
                                                Definition

                                                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                Control0..1
                                                Typestring
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                Summaryfalse
                                                246. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.extension
                                                Definition

                                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                Comments

                                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                Control0..*
                                                TypeExtension
                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                Summaryfalse
                                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.high.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                • value @ url
                                                • 248. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.value
                                                  Definition

                                                  The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                  ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                  Comments

                                                  The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typedecimal
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                  Pattern Value30
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  250. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.comparator
                                                  Definition

                                                  Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                  Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                  Control0..0
                                                  BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                  (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                  How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                  Typecode
                                                  Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                  Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  252. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.unit
                                                  Definition

                                                  A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                  ShortUnit representation
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typestring
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                  Pattern Valuea
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  254. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.system
                                                  Definition

                                                  The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                  ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                  Typeuri
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  256. Observation.referenceRange:child.age.high.code
                                                  Definition

                                                  A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                  ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                  Comments

                                                  The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typecode
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  258. Observation.referenceRange:child.text
                                                  Definition

                                                  Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                                                  ShortText based reference range in an observation
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typestring
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  Pattern ValueDie Formel ist nur ab 18 Jahre validiert.
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  260. Observation.referenceRange:youth
                                                  Slice Nameyouth
                                                  Definition

                                                  Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                                                  ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                                                  Comments

                                                  Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                                  Control0..1
                                                  TypeBackboneElement
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Must Supporttrue
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  Requirements

                                                  Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                                                  262. Observation.referenceRange:youth.id
                                                  Definition

                                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typestring
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  264. Observation.referenceRange:youth.extension
                                                  Definition

                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                  Comments

                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                  Control0..*
                                                  TypeExtension
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                  266. Observation.referenceRange:youth.modifierExtension
                                                  Definition

                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                                  Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                                  ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                                  Comments

                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                  Control0..*
                                                  TypeExtension
                                                  Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                                  Summarytrue
                                                  Requirements

                                                  Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                  268. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low
                                                  Definition

                                                  The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

                                                  ShortLow Range, if relevant
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                                  TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  270. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.id
                                                  Definition

                                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                  Control0..1
                                                  Typestring
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  272. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.extension
                                                  Definition

                                                  May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                  ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                  Comments

                                                  There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                  Control0..*
                                                  TypeExtension
                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                  Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.low.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                  • value @ url
                                                  • 274. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.value
                                                    Definition

                                                    The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                    ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                    Comments

                                                    The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                    Control0..1
                                                    Typedecimal
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                    Summarytrue
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                    Pattern Value90
                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    276. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.comparator
                                                    Definition

                                                    Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                    Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                    Control0..0
                                                    BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                    (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                    How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                    Typecode
                                                    Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                    Summarytrue
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                    Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    278. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.unit
                                                    Definition

                                                    A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                    ShortUnit representation
                                                    Control0..1
                                                    Typestring
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                    Summarytrue
                                                    Requirements

                                                    There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                    Pattern ValuemL/min
                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    280. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.system
                                                    Definition

                                                    The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                    ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                    Control0..1
                                                    This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                    Typeuri
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                    Summarytrue
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    282. Observation.referenceRange:youth.low.code
                                                    Definition

                                                    A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                    ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                    Comments

                                                    The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                    Control0..1
                                                    Typecode
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                    Summarytrue
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    284. Observation.referenceRange:youth.high
                                                    Definition

                                                    The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

                                                    ShortHigh Range, if relevant
                                                    Control0..1
                                                    This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                                    TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    286. Observation.referenceRange:youth.type
                                                    Definition

                                                    Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

                                                    ShortReference range qualifier
                                                    Comments

                                                    This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

                                                    Control0..1
                                                    BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes
                                                    (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning)

                                                    Code for the meaning of a reference range.

                                                    TypeCodeableConcept
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    288. Observation.referenceRange:youth.appliesTo
                                                    Definition

                                                    Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

                                                    ShortReference range population
                                                    Comments

                                                    This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

                                                    Control0..*
                                                    BindingFor example codes, see ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes
                                                    (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto)

                                                    Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

                                                    TypeCodeableConcept
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    290. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age
                                                    Definition

                                                    The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

                                                    ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
                                                    Control0..1
                                                    TypeRange
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                    Requirements

                                                    Some analytes vary greatly over age.

                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    292. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.id
                                                    Definition

                                                    Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                    ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                    Control0..1
                                                    Typestring
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                    294. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.extension
                                                    Definition

                                                    May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                    ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                    Comments

                                                    There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                    Control0..*
                                                    TypeExtension
                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                    Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                    • value @ url
                                                    • 296. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low
                                                      Definition

                                                      The low limit. The boundary is inclusive.

                                                      ShortLow limit
                                                      Comments

                                                      If the low element is missing, the low boundary is not known.

                                                      Control0..1
                                                      TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                      Summarytrue
                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                      298. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.id
                                                      Definition

                                                      Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                      ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                      Control0..1
                                                      Typestring
                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                      300. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.extension
                                                      Definition

                                                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                      ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                      Comments

                                                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                      Control0..*
                                                      TypeExtension
                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.low.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                      • value @ url
                                                      • 302. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.value
                                                        Definition

                                                        The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                        ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                        Comments

                                                        The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                        Control1..1
                                                        Typedecimal
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                        Pattern Value18
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        304. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.comparator
                                                        Definition

                                                        Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                        Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                        Control0..0
                                                        BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                        (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                        How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                        Typecode
                                                        Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                        Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        306. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.unit
                                                        Definition

                                                        A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                        ShortUnit representation
                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typestring
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                        Pattern Valuea
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        308. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.system
                                                        Definition

                                                        The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                        ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                        Control0..1
                                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                        Typeuri
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        310. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.low.code
                                                        Definition

                                                        A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                        ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                        Comments

                                                        The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typecode
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Requirements

                                                        Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        312. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high
                                                        Definition

                                                        The high limit. The boundary is inclusive.

                                                        ShortHigh limit
                                                        Comments

                                                        If the high element is missing, the high boundary is not known.

                                                        Control0..1
                                                        TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Summarytrue
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        314. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.id
                                                        Definition

                                                        Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                        ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                        Control0..1
                                                        Typestring
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                        316. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.extension
                                                        Definition

                                                        May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                        ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                        Comments

                                                        There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                        Control0..*
                                                        TypeExtension
                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                        Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                        ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                        SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.high.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                        • value @ url
                                                        • 318. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.value
                                                          Definition

                                                          The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                          ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                          Comments

                                                          The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                          Control0..1
                                                          Typedecimal
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                          Summarytrue
                                                          Requirements

                                                          Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                          Pattern Value30
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          320. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.comparator
                                                          Definition

                                                          Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                          Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                          Control0..0
                                                          BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                          (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                          How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                          Typecode
                                                          Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                          Summarytrue
                                                          Requirements

                                                          Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                          Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          322. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.unit
                                                          Definition

                                                          A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                          ShortUnit representation
                                                          Control0..1
                                                          Typestring
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                          Summarytrue
                                                          Requirements

                                                          There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                          Pattern Valuea
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          324. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.system
                                                          Definition

                                                          The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                          ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                          Control0..1
                                                          This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                          Typeuri
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                          Summarytrue
                                                          Requirements

                                                          Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          326. Observation.referenceRange:youth.age.high.code
                                                          Definition

                                                          A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                          ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                          Comments

                                                          The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                          Control0..1
                                                          Typecode
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                          Summarytrue
                                                          Requirements

                                                          Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          328. Observation.referenceRange:youth.text
                                                          Definition

                                                          Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                                                          ShortText based reference range in an observation
                                                          Control0..1
                                                          Typestring
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                          Pattern ValueDie Formel ist ab 18 bis 93 Jahre validiert.
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          330. Observation.referenceRange:adult
                                                          Slice Nameadult
                                                          Definition

                                                          Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range. Multiple reference ranges are interpreted as an "OR". In other words, to represent two distinct target populations, two referenceRange elements would be used.

                                                          ShortProvides guide for interpretation
                                                          Comments

                                                          Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                                          Control0..1
                                                          TypeBackboneElement
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Must Supporttrue
                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                          Requirements

                                                          Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          obs-3: Must have at least a low or a high or text (low.exists() or high.exists() or text.exists())
                                                          332. Observation.referenceRange:adult.id
                                                          Definition

                                                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                          Control0..1
                                                          Typestring
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                          334. Observation.referenceRange:adult.extension
                                                          Definition

                                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                          Comments

                                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                          Control0..*
                                                          TypeExtension
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                          336. Observation.referenceRange:adult.modifierExtension
                                                          Definition

                                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                                          Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                                          ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                                          Comments

                                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                          Control0..*
                                                          TypeExtension
                                                          Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                                          Summarytrue
                                                          Requirements

                                                          Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                          338. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low
                                                          Definition

                                                          The value of the low bound of the reference range. The low bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the low bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is <=2.3).

                                                          ShortLow Range, if relevant
                                                          Control0..1
                                                          This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                                          TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          340. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.id
                                                          Definition

                                                          Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                          ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                          Control0..1
                                                          Typestring
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                          342. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.extension
                                                          Definition

                                                          May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                          ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                          Comments

                                                          There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                          Control0..*
                                                          TypeExtension
                                                          Is Modifierfalse
                                                          Summaryfalse
                                                          Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                          Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                          ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                          SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.low.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                          • value @ url
                                                          • 344. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.value
                                                            Definition

                                                            The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                            ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                            Comments

                                                            The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                            Control0..1
                                                            Typedecimal
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                            Summarytrue
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                            Pattern Value60
                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            346. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.comparator
                                                            Definition

                                                            Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                            Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                            Control0..0
                                                            BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                            (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                            How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                            Typecode
                                                            Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                            Summarytrue
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                            Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            348. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.unit
                                                            Definition

                                                            A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                            ShortUnit representation
                                                            Control0..1
                                                            Typestring
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                            Summarytrue
                                                            Requirements

                                                            There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                            Pattern ValuemL/min
                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            350. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.system
                                                            Definition

                                                            The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                            ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                            Control0..1
                                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                            Typeuri
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                            Summarytrue
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            352. Observation.referenceRange:adult.low.code
                                                            Definition

                                                            A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                            ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                            Comments

                                                            The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                            Control0..1
                                                            Typecode
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                            Summarytrue
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            354. Observation.referenceRange:adult.high
                                                            Definition

                                                            The value of the high bound of the reference range. The high bound of the reference range endpoint is inclusive of the value (e.g. reference range is >=5 - <=9). If the high bound is omitted, it is assumed to be meaningless (e.g. reference range is >= 2.3).

                                                            ShortHigh Range, if relevant
                                                            Control0..1
                                                            This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-3
                                                            TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            356. Observation.referenceRange:adult.type
                                                            Definition

                                                            Codes to indicate the what part of the targeted reference population it applies to. For example, the normal or therapeutic range.

                                                            ShortReference range qualifier
                                                            Comments

                                                            This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal range is assumed.

                                                            Control0..1
                                                            BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from ObservationReferenceRangeMeaningCodes
                                                            (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-meaning)

                                                            Code for the meaning of a reference range.

                                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Need to be able to say what kind of reference range this is - normal, recommended, therapeutic, etc., - for proper interpretation.

                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            358. Observation.referenceRange:adult.appliesTo
                                                            Definition

                                                            Codes to indicate the target population this reference range applies to. For example, a reference range may be based on the normal population or a particular sex or race. Multiple appliesTo are interpreted as an "AND" of the target populations. For example, to represent a target population of African American females, both a code of female and a code for African American would be used.

                                                            ShortReference range population
                                                            Comments

                                                            This SHOULD be populated if there is more than one range. If this element is not present then the normal population is assumed.

                                                            Control0..*
                                                            BindingFor example codes, see ObservationReferenceRangeAppliesToCodes
                                                            (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/referencerange-appliesto)

                                                            Codes identifying the population the reference range applies to.

                                                            TypeCodeableConcept
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Need to be able to identify the target population for proper interpretation.

                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            360. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age
                                                            Definition

                                                            The age at which this reference range is applicable. This is a neonatal age (e.g. number of weeks at term) if the meaning says so.

                                                            ShortApplicable age range, if relevant
                                                            Control0..1
                                                            TypeRange
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            Requirements

                                                            Some analytes vary greatly over age.

                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            362. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.id
                                                            Definition

                                                            Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                            ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                            Control0..1
                                                            Typestring
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            364. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.extension
                                                            Definition

                                                            May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                            ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                            Comments

                                                            There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                            Control0..*
                                                            TypeExtension
                                                            Is Modifierfalse
                                                            Summaryfalse
                                                            Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                            Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                            ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                            SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                            • value @ url
                                                            • 366. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low
                                                              Definition

                                                              The low limit. The boundary is inclusive.

                                                              ShortLow limit
                                                              Comments

                                                              If the low element is missing, the low boundary is not known.

                                                              Control0..1
                                                              TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Summarytrue
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              368. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.id
                                                              Definition

                                                              Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                              ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                              Control0..1
                                                              Typestring
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              370. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.extension
                                                              Definition

                                                              May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                              ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                              Comments

                                                              There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                              Control0..*
                                                              TypeExtension
                                                              Is Modifierfalse
                                                              Summaryfalse
                                                              Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                              Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                              ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                              SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.low.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                              • value @ url
                                                              • 372. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.value
                                                                Definition

                                                                The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                                ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                                Comments

                                                                The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                                Control1..1
                                                                Typedecimal
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                                Pattern Value31
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                374. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.comparator
                                                                Definition

                                                                Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                                Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                                Control0..0
                                                                BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                                (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                                How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                                Typecode
                                                                Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                                Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                376. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.unit
                                                                Definition

                                                                A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                                ShortUnit representation
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                Typestring
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Requirements

                                                                There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                                Pattern Valuea
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                378. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.system
                                                                Definition

                                                                The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                                ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                                Typeuri
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                380. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.low.code
                                                                Definition

                                                                A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                                ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                                Comments

                                                                The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                                Control0..1
                                                                Typecode
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Requirements

                                                                Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                382. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high
                                                                Definition

                                                                The high limit. The boundary is inclusive.

                                                                ShortHigh limit
                                                                Comments

                                                                If the high element is missing, the high boundary is not known.

                                                                Control0..1
                                                                TypeQuantity(SimpleQuantity)
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Summarytrue
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                384. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.id
                                                                Definition

                                                                Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                Control0..1
                                                                Typestring
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                386. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.extension
                                                                Definition

                                                                May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension.

                                                                ShortAdditional content defined by implementations
                                                                Comments

                                                                There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                Control0..*
                                                                TypeExtension
                                                                Is Modifierfalse
                                                                Summaryfalse
                                                                Alternate Namesextensions, user content
                                                                Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.referenceRange.age.high.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                • value @ url
                                                                • 388. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.value
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  The value of the measured amount. The value includes an implicit precision in the presentation of the value.

                                                                  ShortNumerical value (with implicit precision)
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  The implicit precision in the value should always be honored. Monetary values have their own rules for handling precision (refer to standard accounting text books).

                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typedecimal
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Precision is handled implicitly in almost all cases of measurement.

                                                                  Pattern Value100
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  390. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.comparator
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Not allowed to be used in this context

                                                                  Short< | <= | >= | > - how to understand the value
                                                                  Control0..0
                                                                  BindingThe codes SHALL be taken from QuantityComparator
                                                                  (required to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/quantity-comparator|4.0.1)

                                                                  How the Quantity should be understood and represented.

                                                                  Typecode
                                                                  Is Modifiertrue because This is labeled as "Is Modifier" because the comparator modifies the interpretation of the value significantly. If there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Need a framework for handling measures where the value is <5ug/L or >400mg/L due to the limitations of measuring methodology.

                                                                  Meaning if MissingIf there is no comparator, then there is no modification of the value
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  392. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.unit
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  A human-readable form of the unit.

                                                                  ShortUnit representation
                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typestring
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  There are many representations for units of measure and in many contexts, particular representations are fixed and required. I.e. mcg for micrograms.

                                                                  Pattern Valuea
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  394. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.system
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  The identification of the system that provides the coded form of the unit.

                                                                  ShortSystem that defines coded unit form
                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  This element is affected by the following invariants: qty-3
                                                                  Typeuri
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Need to know the system that defines the coded form of the unit.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  396. Observation.referenceRange:adult.age.high.code
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  A computer processable form of the unit in some unit representation system.

                                                                  ShortCoded form of the unit
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  The preferred system is UCUM, but SNOMED CT can also be used (for customary units) or ISO 4217 for currency. The context of use may additionally require a code from a particular system.

                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typecode
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Need a computable form of the unit that is fixed across all forms. UCUM provides this for quantities, but SNOMED CT provides many units of interest.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  398. Observation.referenceRange:adult.text
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Text based reference range in an observation which may be used when a quantitative range is not appropriate for an observation. An example would be a reference value of "Negative" or a list or table of "normals".

                                                                  ShortText based reference range in an observation
                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typestring
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Pattern ValueDie Formel ist nur bis 93 Jahre validiert.
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  400. Observation.hasMember
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  A reference to another Observation profiled by ch-lab-observation-results-laboratory. The target observation (for instance an individual test member of a panel) is considered as a sub-observation of the current one, which plays the role of a grouper.

                                                                  ShortRelated resource that belongs to the Observation group
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  This element is used in the context of international patient summary when there is a need to group a collection of observations, because they belong to the same panel, or because they share a common interpretation comment, or a common media attachment (illustrative image or graph). In these cases, the current observation is the grouper, and its set of sub-observations are related observations using the type "has-member". For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Observation Grouping.

                                                                  Control0..0
                                                                  TypeReference(CH LAB Observation Results: Laboratory Report)
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  402. Observation.derivedFrom
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  The target resource that represents a measurement from which this observation value is derived. For example, a calculated anion gap or a fetal measurement based on an ultrasound image.

                                                                  ShortRelated measurements the observation is made from
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  All the reference choices that are listed in this element can represent clinical observations and other measurements that may be the source for a derived value. The most common reference will be another Observation. For a discussion on the ways Observations can assembled in groups together, see Notes below.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeReference(DocumentReference, ImagingStudy, Media, QuestionnaireResponse, Observation, MolecularSequence)
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  404. Observation.component
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Some observations have multiple component observations. These component observations are expressed as separate code value pairs that share the same attributes. Examples include systolic and diastolic component observations for blood pressure measurement and multiple component observations for genetics observations.

                                                                  ShortLaboratory result
                                                                  Comments

                                                                  For a discussion on the ways Observations can be assembled in groups together see Notes below.

                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeBackboneElement
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Summarytrue
                                                                  Requirements

                                                                  Component observations share the same attributes in the Observation resource as the primary observation and are always treated a part of a single observation (they are not separable). However, the reference range for the primary observation value is not inherited by the component values and is required when appropriate for each component observation.

                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  406. Observation.component.id
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                  ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                  Control0..1
                                                                  Typestring
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  408. Observation.component.extension
                                                                  Definition

                                                                  An Extension

                                                                  ShortExtension
                                                                  Control0..*
                                                                  TypeExtension
                                                                  Is Modifierfalse
                                                                  Summaryfalse
                                                                  Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                  ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                  SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                  • value @ url
                                                                  • 410. Observation.component.extension:value-r5
                                                                    Slice Namevalue-r5
                                                                    Definition

                                                                    Optional Extension Element - found in all resources.

                                                                    Shortonly for result of type Attachment
                                                                    Control0..1
                                                                    This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                                                                    TypeExtension(Extension Definition for Observation.value[x] for Version 5.0) (Extension Type: Choice of: Attachment, Reference(MolecularSequence))
                                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                    412. Observation.component.extension:value-r5.id
                                                                    Definition

                                                                    Unique id for the element within a resource (for internal references). This may be any string value that does not contain spaces.

                                                                    ShortUnique id for inter-element referencing
                                                                    Control0..1
                                                                    Typestring
                                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                                    XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                                    414. Observation.component.extension:value-r5.extension
                                                                    Definition

                                                                    An Extension

                                                                    ShortExtension
                                                                    Control0..0
                                                                    TypeExtension
                                                                    Is Modifierfalse
                                                                    Summaryfalse
                                                                    Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                    ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                    SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.extension.extension. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                    • value @ url
                                                                    • 416. Observation.component.extension:value-r5.url
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      Source of the definition for the extension code - a logical name or a URL.

                                                                      Shortidentifies the meaning of the extension
                                                                      Comments

                                                                      The definition may point directly to a computable or human-readable definition of the extensibility codes, or it may be a logical URI as declared in some other specification. The definition SHALL be a URI for the Structure Definition defining the extension.

                                                                      Control1..1
                                                                      Typeuri
                                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                                      XML FormatIn the XML format, this property is represented as an attribute.
                                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                                      Fixed Valuehttp://hl7.org/fhir/5.0/StructureDefinition/extension-Observation.value[x]
                                                                      418. Observation.component.extension:value-r5.value[x]
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      Value of extension - must be one of a constrained set of the data types (see Extensibility for a list).

                                                                      ShortValue of extension
                                                                      Control1..1
                                                                      TypeAttachment
                                                                      [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                                      Summaryfalse
                                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                      420. Observation.component.modifierExtension
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      May be used to represent additional information that is not part of the basic definition of the element and that modifies the understanding of the element in which it is contained and/or the understanding of the containing element's descendants. Usually modifier elements provide negation or qualification. To make the use of extensions safe and manageable, there is a strict set of governance applied to the definition and use of extensions. Though any implementer can define an extension, there is a set of requirements that SHALL be met as part of the definition of the extension. Applications processing a resource are required to check for modifier extensions.

                                                                      Modifier extensions SHALL NOT change the meaning of any elements on Resource or DomainResource (including cannot change the meaning of modifierExtension itself).

                                                                      ShortExtensions that cannot be ignored even if unrecognized
                                                                      Comments

                                                                      There can be no stigma associated with the use of extensions by any application, project, or standard - regardless of the institution or jurisdiction that uses or defines the extensions. The use of extensions is what allows the FHIR specification to retain a core level of simplicity for everyone.

                                                                      Control0..*
                                                                      TypeExtension
                                                                      Is Modifiertrue because Modifier extensions are expected to modify the meaning or interpretation of the element that contains them
                                                                      Summarytrue
                                                                      Requirements

                                                                      Modifier extensions allow for extensions that cannot be safely ignored to be clearly distinguished from the vast majority of extensions which can be safely ignored. This promotes interoperability by eliminating the need for implementers to prohibit the presence of extensions. For further information, see the definition of modifier extensions.

                                                                      Alternate Namesextensions, user content, modifiers
                                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                      ext-1: Must have either extensions or value[x], not both (extension.exists() != value.exists())
                                                                      422. Observation.component.code
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      Describes what was observed. Sometimes this is called the observation "code".

                                                                      ShortType of component observation (code / type)
                                                                      Comments

                                                                      All code-value and component.code-component.value pairs need to be taken into account to correctly understand the meaning of the observation.

                                                                      Control1..1
                                                                      BindingFor example codes, see LOINCCodes
                                                                      (example to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-codes)

                                                                      Codes identifying names of simple observations.

                                                                      TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                                      Summarytrue
                                                                      Requirements

                                                                      Knowing what kind of observation is being made is essential to understanding the observation.

                                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                      424. Observation.component.value[x]
                                                                      Definition

                                                                      The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                      ShortActual component result
                                                                      Comments

                                                                      Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                      Control0..1
                                                                      TypeChoice of: Quantity, CodeableConcept, string, boolean, integer, Range, Ratio, SampledData, time, dateTime, Period
                                                                      [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                      Is Modifierfalse
                                                                      Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                      Summarytrue
                                                                      Requirements

                                                                      An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                      Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                      SlicingThis element introduces a set of slices on Observation.component.value[x]. The slices areUnordered and Open, and can be differentiated using the following discriminators:
                                                                      • type @ $this
                                                                      • 426. Observation.component.value[x]:valueString
                                                                        Slice NamevalueString
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                        ShortActual component result
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        Typestring
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        428. Observation.component.value[x]:valueRange
                                                                        Slice NamevalueRange
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        A set of ordered Quantities defined by a low and high limit.

                                                                        ShortSet of values bounded by low and high
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        The stated low and high value are assumed to have arbitrarily high precision when it comes to determining which values are in the range. I.e. 1.99 is not in the range 2 -> 3.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                                                                        TypeRange(Range (IPS))
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        rng-2: If present, low SHALL have a lower value than high (low.empty() or high.empty() or (low <= high))
                                                                        430. Observation.component.value[x]:valueRatio
                                                                        Slice NamevalueRatio
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        A measured ratio (or a ratio that can potentially be measured) and uncertainty of the measurement. This profile imposes that the code system for units be UCUM.

                                                                        ShortA measured ratio using UCUM
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        The Ratio datatype should only be used to express a relationship of two numbers if the relationship cannot be suitably expressed using a Quantity and a common unit. Where the denominator value is known to be fixed to "1", Quantity should be used instead of Ratio.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                                                                        TypeRatio(Ratio (Eu Lab))
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        rat-1: Numerator and denominator SHALL both be present, or both are absent. If both are absent, there SHALL be some extension present ((numerator.empty() xor denominator.exists()) and (numerator.exists() or extension.exists()))
                                                                        432. Observation.component.value[x]:valueTime
                                                                        Slice NamevalueTime
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                        ShortActual component result
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        Typetime
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        434. Observation.component.value[x]:valueDateTime
                                                                        Slice NamevalueDateTime
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                        ShortActual component result
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        TypedateTime
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Primitive ValueThis primitive element may be present, or absent, or replaced by an extension
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        436. Observation.component.value[x]:valuePeriod
                                                                        Slice NamevaluePeriod
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                        ShortActual component result
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        TypePeriod
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        438. Observation.component.value[x]:valueQuantity
                                                                        Slice NamevalueQuantity
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        A measured amount (or an amount that can potentially be measured) and uncertainty of the measurement. Note that measured amounts include amounts that are not precisely quantified, including amounts involving arbitrary units and floating currencies. This profile imposes that the code system for units be UCUM.

                                                                        ShortA measured amount using UCUM
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        The context of use may frequently define what kind of quantity this is and therefore what kind of units can be used. The context of use may also restrict the values for the comparator.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: ele-1
                                                                        TypeQuantity(Quantity (Eu Lab))
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        qty-3: If a code for the unit is present, the system SHALL also be present (code.empty() or system.exists())
                                                                        440. Observation.component.value[x]:valueCodeableConcept
                                                                        Slice NamevalueCodeableConcept
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        The information determined as a result of making the observation, if the information has a simple value.

                                                                        ShortActual component result
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Used when observation has a set of component observations. An observation may have both a value (e.g. an Apgar score) and component observations (the observations from which the Apgar score was derived). If a value is present, the datatype for this element should be determined by Observation.code. A CodeableConcept with just a text would be used instead of a string if the field was usually coded, or if the type associated with the Observation.code defines a coded value. For additional guidance, see the Notes section below.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        BindingThe codes SHOULD be taken from Results Coded Values Laboratory - IPS
                                                                        (preferred to http://hl7.org/fhir/uv/ips/ValueSet/results-coded-values-laboratory-uv-ips)
                                                                        Additional BindingsPurposeDocumentation
                                                                        Results Blood Group - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                                                                        Additional conformance binding to a blood group findings value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                                                                        Results Presence Absence - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                                                                        Additional conformance binding to a presence and absence findings (qualifier values) value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                                                                        Results Microorganism - SNOMED CT IPS Free Setcandidate

                                                                        Additional conformance binding to a microorganisms value set for laboratory result values from the SNOMED CT IPS free set for use globally (in SNOMED member and non-member jurisdictions).

                                                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                        [x] NoteSee Choice of Data Types for further information about how to use [x]
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Summarytrue
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        An observation exists to have a value, though it might not if it is in error, or if it represents a group of observations.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        442. Observation.component.dataAbsentReason
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        Provides a reason why the expected value in the element Observation.component.value[x] is missing.

                                                                        ShortWhy the component result is missing
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        "Null" or exceptional values can be represented two ways in FHIR Observations. One way is to simply include them in the value set and represent the exceptions in the value. For example, measurement values for a serology test could be "detected", "not detected", "inconclusive", or "test not done".

                                                                        The alternate way is to use the value element for actual observations and use the explicit dataAbsentReason element to record exceptional values. For example, the dataAbsentReason code "error" could be used when the measurement was not completed. Because of these options, use-case agreements are required to interpret general observations for exceptional values.

                                                                        Control0..1
                                                                        This element is affected by the following invariants: obs-6
                                                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from DataAbsentReason
                                                                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/data-absent-reason)

                                                                        Codes specifying why the result (Observation.value[x]) is missing.

                                                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        For many results it is necessary to handle exceptional values in measurements.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        444. Observation.component.interpretation
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        A categorical assessment of an observation value. For example, high, low, normal.

                                                                        ShortHigh, low, normal, etc.
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Historically used for laboratory results (known as 'abnormal flag' ), its use extends to other use cases where coded interpretations are relevant. Often reported as one or more simple compact codes this element is often placed adjacent to the result value in reports and flow sheets to signal the meaning/normalcy status of the result.

                                                                        Control0..*
                                                                        BindingUnless not suitable, these codes SHALL be taken from ObservationInterpretationCodes
                                                                        (extensible to http://hl7.org/fhir/ValueSet/observation-interpretation)

                                                                        Codes identifying interpretations of observations.

                                                                        TypeCodeableConcept
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        For some results, particularly numeric results, an interpretation is necessary to fully understand the significance of a result.

                                                                        Alternate NamesAbnormal Flag
                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))
                                                                        446. Observation.component.referenceRange
                                                                        Definition

                                                                        Guidance on how to interpret the value by comparison to a normal or recommended range.

                                                                        ShortProvides guide for interpretation of component result
                                                                        Comments

                                                                        Most observations only have one generic reference range. Systems MAY choose to restrict to only supplying the relevant reference range based on knowledge about the patient (e.g., specific to the patient's age, gender, weight and other factors), but this might not be possible or appropriate. Whenever more than one reference range is supplied, the differences between them SHOULD be provided in the reference range and/or age properties.

                                                                        Control0..*
                                                                        TypeSee ttp://hl7.org/fhir/StructureDefinition/Observation#Observation.referenceRange
                                                                        Is Modifierfalse
                                                                        Summaryfalse
                                                                        Requirements

                                                                        Knowing what values are considered "normal" can help evaluate the significance of a particular result. Need to be able to provide multiple reference ranges for different contexts.

                                                                        Invariantsele-1: All FHIR elements must have a @value or children (hasValue() or (children().count() > id.count()))